

This ritual persisted until the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). Evidently introduced by Pope Zachary around the middle of the 8th century.


The phrase “bell, book, and candle” refers to a Latin Christian method of excommunication by anathema, imposed on a person who had committed an exceptionally grievous sin. “Becket” was nominated for 12 Academy Awards. Excommunication of Lord Gilbert, servant of King Henry II, scene from “Becket” (1964) film starring Richard Burton as St Thomas a Becket and Peter O’Toole as King Henry II.
